In 1993 Kuz’minov and Osiko pointed out that the ‘disturbance??of stoichiometry in LN crystals is principally mainly because of the insufficient oxygen in Nb2O5, used being a Uncooked content initial soften (Czochralski method) [186]. Accordingly, based upon its output technologies, niobium pentoxide can adopt an array of compositions Nb2O5?x.